The 85% Rule for Learning: How Physics, Math, and History Can Help Us Succeed

The 85% Rule for Learning: How Physics, Math, and History Can Help Us Succeed

When it comes to learning, whether it be humans or machines, success rates of around 85% seem to be the sweet spot. This rule holds true for both stochastic gradient-descent based learning algorithms and successful classrooms. It suggests that finding the optimal error rate for training, which is around 15.87%, or achieving an 85% training accuracy, leads to the best results. Fine-tuning the amount of support based on the success rate experienced is key.

Various theories of optimal learning support this idea of finding the right level of difficulty. Lev Vygotsky's zone of proximal development argues that tasks slightly beyond our current abilities, but within reach with assistance, maximize learning. In a study, it was found that students with higher background knowledge performed better when faced with a test that required problem-solving or inference. This suggests that when a text is too easy to understand, we don't invest much effort into creating a mental model. Therefore, greater difficulty can be beneficial as it forces us to retrieve background knowledge.

Anders Ericsson's model of deliberate practice also emphasizes the importance of difficulty. When skills become automatic, we tend to plateau at levels far below our potential. By continuously challenging ourselves with harder problems, we can push past these plateaus and reach higher levels of ability. Additionally, Robert Eisenberg's theory of learned industriousness suggests that success on difficult problems can be motivating, while failure can be demotivating. By embracing difficulty and viewing it as an opportunity for growth, we can overcome obstacles and achieve success.

Now, let's shift our focus to the three most fundamental sources of knowledge: physics, math, and human history. These three buckets of knowledge offer us endless learning opportunities and provide us with crucial mental models to understand the world.

Physics and math, as the oldest and most invariant forms of knowledge, provide us with the rules that govern the universe. By studying these subjects, we can develop a deeper understanding of the fundamental principles that shape our reality. Peter Kaufman's concept of the three buckets of knowledge aligns with this idea. Mastery of physics and math allows us to grasp the rules by which the universe operates.

Human history, on the other hand, offers us insights into the rules that humans have played by throughout time. By studying history, we can gain a greater understanding of human nature and the patterns that repeat themselves. Geology, a part of history, teaches us the concept of gradualism - the notion of slow incremental change over time. This concept applies not only to the physical Earth but also to human nature. Despite advancements in civilization and individual uniqueness, certain fundamental aspects of human nature remain unchanged. History allows us to recognize these patterns and make informed decisions based on past experiences.

Another important aspect we can learn from history is resilience. Studying the long history of Mother Nature shows us that what is fragile will eventually break under the stresses of competition. However, strong and win-win relationships possess the resilience to endure. This lesson can be applied to various aspects of our lives, from personal relationships to business ventures. By cultivating strong and mutually beneficial relationships, we increase our chances of long-term success.

Furthermore, the compounding nature of knowledge is also evident in human culture. Just like money or population, ideas and knowledge can compound over time. Passed-down ideas have the potential to shape future generations, leading to accumulative growth in our understanding of the world. Moreover, human ideas go through a process of natural selection, similar to biological life. Ideas that are most fit for propagation are the ones that survive for a long time, contributing to the progression of human culture.

In conclusion, the 85% rule for learning teaches us the importance of finding the right level of difficulty to optimize our learning and growth. By embracing challenges and pushing ourselves beyond our comfort zones, we can unlock our full potential. Additionally, mastering the three buckets of knowledge - physics, math, and human history - offers us a deeper understanding of the world and provides us with valuable mental models. To apply these insights in our lives, here are three actionable pieces of advice:

1. Embrace difficulty: Instead of shying away from challenges, seek out opportunities that push you beyond your current abilities. By embracing difficulty, you'll unlock your true potential and achieve greater success.

2. Study the fundamentals: Invest time in mastering the fundamental subjects of physics, math, and human history. These pillars of knowledge provide a solid foundation for understanding the world and making informed decisions.

3. Cultivate resilience: Learn from the resilience of Mother Nature and develop strong and win-win relationships. Surround yourself with supportive and mutually beneficial connections that can withstand the tests of time and competition.

By incorporating these actionable advice into your learning journey, you can optimize your growth and understanding of the world. Remember, success lies in finding the right balance between challenge and support, and in harnessing the power of knowledge from various fields to navigate through life's complexities.