Low coupling means that the modules in the software system are loosely connected and have minimal dependency on each other. This allows for easier maintenance and modification of individual modules without affecting the entire system. On the other hand, high coupling indicates a strong interdependency between modules, making it difficult to make changes without impacting other parts of the system.

Low coupling means that the modules in the software system are loosely connected and have minimal dependency on each other. This allows for easier maintenance and modification of individual modules without affecting the entire system. On the other hand, high coupling indicates a strong interdependency between modules, making it difficult to make changes without impacting other parts of the system.

High coupling can lead to a number of issues, such as:

1. Code Fragility: When modules are tightly coupled, a change in one module can easily break functionality in other modules. This makes the code fragile and prone to errors.

2. Code Duplication: Tightly coupled modules often result in duplicate code, as functionalities that are shared between modules need to be implemented separately in each module. This can lead to code redundancy and maintenance overhead.

3. Difficulty in Testing: With high coupling, it becomes difficult to isolate and test individual modules. Changes in one module may require extensive retesting of other modules, increasing the time and effort required for testing.

To address these issues, it is important to strive for low coupling in software design. Here are some strategies to achieve low coupling:

1. Encapsulation: Encapsulate the internal details and implementation of each module, exposing only the necessary interfaces and functionalities to other modules. This reduces the dependency on internal details and allows for easier modification of individual modules.

2. Abstraction: Use abstraction to define clear and well-defined interfaces between modules. This allows for loose coupling by decoupling the implementation details of one module from another.

3. Dependency Injection: Instead of modules directly depending on each other, use dependency injection to provide dependencies to modules from external sources. This promotes loose coupling by allowing modules to be easily replaced or modified without affecting other modules.

By following these strategies, developers can achieve low coupling and high cohesion in their software systems, resulting in code that is easier to maintain, modify, and test. This ultimately leads to more scalable and efficient software.