What causes cavities? - Mel Rosenberg | Summary and Q&A

Summary

15,000 year-old human remains revealed that ancient humans also suffered from cavities caused by specific microbes living in their mouths. These microbes, known as mutans streptococci, feed on sugar and produce acids that erode tooth enamel, leading to cavities. While ancient humans consumed less sugar than we do today, their teeth were still exposed to sugars from root vegetables, nuts, and grains. Archaeological remains also show that ancient humans used primitive methods to treat cavities, such as flint tools to remove rotten teeth and beeswax to plug cavities. With the advent of the Industrial Revolution, the incidence of cavities surged due to the availability of refined sugar. Currently, 92% of American adults have experienced cavities. However, modern dental practices such as fluoride use, tooth fillings, and good oral hygiene can help prevent and treat cavities.

Questions & Answers

Q: How do specific microbes in our mouth cause cavities?

The specific microbes called mutans streptococci reside in our mouths and feed on sugar. As they consume sugar, they produce acids, including lactic acid, which erode tooth enamel over time. Unfortunately, our teeth are vulnerable to acid degradation, leading to cavities.

Q: What types of foods can contribute to the growth of these microbes?

Diets high in sugary foods can cause an increase in the population of mutans streptococci bacteria in our mouths. These microorganisms thrive on sugar as their molecular building block and energy source. Therefore, consuming foods that are high in sugar can contribute to the growth of these microbes and the development of cavities.

Q: How did ancient humans develop cavities despite consuming less sugar?

While ancient humans consumed less sugar compared to us, their teeth were still exposed to sugars from root vegetables, nuts, and grains. When exposed to enzymes in saliva, these carbohydrates break down into simpler sugars, providing a food source for the mouth bacteria. Therefore, even with a lower sugar intake, ancient humans still faced the risk of cavities.

Q: How did ancient humans treat their cavities?

Archaeological remains indicate that approximately 14,000 years ago, ancient humans used sharpened flint to remove parts of rotten teeth. They also made rudimentary drills to smooth out the cavities left behind and used beeswax to plug the cavities, similar to modern-day fillings. This demonstrates that ancient humans had basic dental treatment techniques to address cavities.

Q: Why did the incidence of cavities surge after the Industrial Revolution?

The incidence of cavities increased significantly after the Industrial Revolution due to advancements in technology that made refined sugar cheaper and more accessible. The availability of sugar in various processed foods and beverages led to a higher consumption of sugar, which in turn contributed to a greater prevalence of cavities in the population.

Q: What percentage of American adults have experienced cavities?

Currently, an alarming 92% of American adults have had cavities in their teeth. This high prevalence is primarily due to the increased consumption of sugar and the damaging effects it has on dental health.

Q: Are some individuals more susceptible to cavities?

While high sugar consumption is a significant factor in the development of cavities, some individuals may be more susceptible due to genetic factors. Certain genes may cause weaknesses in the teeth, such as softer enamel, making the individual more prone to cavities.

Q: How can fluoride help prevent cavities?

Fluoride is commonly found in toothpaste and many water supplies because it helps strengthen teeth and enhances the growth of enamel crystals. This, in turn, builds up a tooth's defenses against acid and reduces the risk of cavities. The use of fluoride is an effective preventive measure in maintaining good dental health.

Q: How are cavities treated in modern dentistry?

When cavities develop, dental professionals use tooth fillings to fill and close off the infected area, preventing further deterioration. Tooth fillings effectively remove the decayed parts of the tooth and restore its structure and function. Regular dental check-ups allow for the early detection and treatment of cavities before they become more severe.

Q: What are some ways to minimize the risk of cavities?

In addition to reducing sugar and starch intake, practicing good oral hygiene is crucial in minimizing the risk of cavities. This includes regular tooth brushing, flossing, and avoiding sugary, starchy, and sticky foods that can cling to the teeth. By consistently practicing these oral care habits, the population of sugar-loving microbes in the mouth decreases, reducing the likelihood of cavities.

Takeaways

The discovery of cavities in ancient human remains shows that dental problems have plagued humans for millennia. While ancient humans consumed less sugar than we do now, their teeth were still exposed to sugars from various sources. However, they also developed rudimentary techniques to treat cavities. With the rise of refined sugar during the Industrial Revolution, the incidence of cavities surged, and it remains high today, affecting 92% of American adults. Fortunately, modern dentistry offers effective preventive measures such as fluoride use, tooth fillings, and good oral hygiene practices. Cutting down on sugar intake and maintaining proper oral care remain the best ways to prevent cavities.