Global innovation systems have become increasingly complex as boundaries between territories blur and become more porous. This has led to a debate about whether a territorial system perspective is still valid in understanding innovation dynamics in transnational contexts. Some argue that the traditional innovation system (IS) perspective is no longer promising and should be left behind in the history of innovation studies. However, this viewpoint overlooks the fundamental characteristics of capital economies that drive relationships between territories.

Global innovation systems have become increasingly complex as boundaries between territories blur and become more porous. This has led to a debate about whether a territorial system perspective is still valid in understanding innovation dynamics in transnational contexts. Some argue that the traditional innovation system (IS) perspective is no longer promising and should be left behind in the history of innovation studies. However, this viewpoint overlooks the fundamental characteristics of capital economies that drive relationships between territories.

The concept of a global innovation system challenges the traditional notion of innovation being confined within territorial boundaries. It recognizes that innovation processes are no longer limited to local, regional, or national systems, but are interconnected on a global scale. This shift in perspective acknowledges the complex and dynamic nature of innovation, as well as the need to understand the multi-scalar entanglements that occur within and between countries.

One limitation of a purely territorial understanding of technological diffusion is that it fails to account for the diverse factors that can influence the development or transplantation of innovations. Innovation is not solely determined by the characteristics of a specific territory, but is shaped by a multitude of interconnected factors. These factors can include economic structures, cultural norms, political systems, and technological capabilities, among others.

To effectively understand and navigate global innovation systems, it is essential to consider these interdependencies and adopt a more holistic approach. This involves recognizing the fluidity of innovation processes and embracing the complexity of the global interconnectedness. By doing so, researchers and practitioners can gain a more comprehensive understanding of the dynamics at play and identify new opportunities for collaboration and knowledge exchange.

Actionable Advice:

• 1. Foster cross-sector collaboration: In a global innovation system, collaboration across sectors becomes crucial. By bringing together diverse stakeholders from academia, industry, government, and civil society, new perspectives and ideas can be shared, leading to innovative solutions. Creating platforms and spaces for such collaboration can help facilitate the exchange of knowledge and expertise.

• 2. Embrace cultural diversity: Global innovation systems are shaped by cultural norms and practices. Embracing cultural diversity can lead to a more inclusive and creative environment for innovation. Encouraging the inclusion of different perspectives and promoting cultural exchange can foster innovation by challenging existing assumptions and fostering new ways of thinking.

• 3. Support open innovation models: Open innovation models, which involve collaboration with external partners, can be particularly effective in a global innovation system. By leveraging external knowledge and expertise, organizations can tap into a wider pool of ideas and resources. Encouraging open innovation practices, such as crowdsourcing or partnerships with startups, can enhance the competitiveness and agility of organizations in a global context.

In conclusion, the concept of global innovation systems challenges traditional notions of territorial boundaries and highlights the interconnected nature of innovation processes. By adopting a holistic and inclusive approach, researchers and practitioners can navigate the complexities of a global innovation system and identify new opportunities for collaboration and knowledge exchange. Foster cross-sector collaboration, embrace cultural diversity, and support open innovation models are actionable advice that can help drive innovation in this dynamic and interconnected landscape.