The Connection Between Happiness and Moral Ends & The Value of Technological Development in Civilizations

The Connection Between Happiness and Moral Ends & The Value of Technological Development in Civilizations

Introduction:

In this article, we will explore two thought-provoking questions: "Is happiness a moral end?" and "Does the development of technology reflect the value of a civilization?" While these topics may seem unrelated at first, we will discover common points and connections between them. By examining different philosophical perspectives, we can gain insights into the complex relationship between happiness, morality, and technological advancements.

Part 1: The Relationship Between Happiness and Moral Ends

Is happiness the ultimate goal of morality? Can it serve as a criterion to guide our moral duties? Immanuel Kant, a prominent philosopher, argues against making happiness a moral end. According to Kant, morality is about fulfilling our duties without expecting rewards or seeking personal pleasure. Morality, therefore, does not seek happiness as its purpose. Instead, Kant suggests that we should strive to "become worthy of happiness." Whether moral actions bring happiness or unhappiness, it does not alter the unwavering nature of moral duty. Kant views happiness as a mere hope and an anthropological need that should be pursued outside the realm of moral duty. However, he acknowledges that happiness can be anticipated in the afterlife as a divine promise.

Part 2: Happiness as a Moral End

Contrasting Kant's perspective, other philosophical schools of thought argue that happiness and moral ends are intertwined. Eudaimonism, for instance, believes that happiness and duty are not separate entities but instead exist in a harmonious association with virtue and knowledge. According to this view, true happiness can only be achieved through the cultivation of virtue and the pursuit of knowledge.

In stoicism, another philosophical school, happiness is found in freedom and virtue. Stoics believe that true freedom lies in the will not desiring what is beyond our control. Pursuing external goods such as wealth, fame, and even physical well-being only leads to enslavement to passions and, consequently, unhappiness. Asceticism, or the daily exercise of will to detach oneself from external goods, is seen as the path to true happiness.

Aristotle, a renowned philosopher, argues that happiness is the ultimate good and should be pursued for its own sake. However, he also acknowledges that external circumstances such as health, material comfort, and political freedom contribute to happiness. While these conditions are necessary, they alone are not sufficient to attain true happiness. Aristotle's perspective challenges the stoic belief that virtue alone is enough, emphasizing the importance of external factors.

Part 3: The Value of Technological Development in Civilizations

The question of whether the development of technology reflects the value of a civilization is a complex one. Some argue that a civilization's progress can be measured by its technological advancements. The mastery of nature through efficient technological means leads to an improved human life. By satisfying material needs, technology enables a more comfortable and prosperous existence while allowing humanity to achieve great aspirations.

Furthermore, possessing advanced technology often signifies the power of a state. Economically and politically dominant civilizations impose their rules and influence on others. It is tempting to rank civilizations based on their technological developments, viewing each as a step in an evolutionary process leading towards increasingly technologically advanced societies.

However, it is crucial to recognize the relativity of values when evaluating the worth of civilizations. Ethnocentrism, the tendency to view one's own civilization as superior, can hinder an unbiased assessment. Each civilization has its unique set of values, and it is erroneous to impose a universal hierarchy. Anthropologist Claude Levi-Strauss argues that there is no universal model for ranking the values of civilizations. Fear of the unfamiliar often prevents civilizations from appreciating one another's differences.

Conclusion:

In conclusion, the connection between happiness and moral ends is a subject of philosophical debate. While Immanuel Kant argues against happiness as a moral end, other philosophical schools, such as eudaimonism and stoicism, emphasize the intertwining of happiness, virtue, and knowledge. Similarly, the value of technological development in civilizations is a complex matter. While advancements in technology can improve human life and signify power, it is important to avoid ethnocentrism and recognize the relativity of values.

Actionable Advice:

• 1. Reflect on your own moral framework: Consider whether happiness is a central aspect of your moral values or if there are other principles that guide your actions.

• 2. Embrace cultural diversity: Challenge ethnocentric perspectives by seeking to understand and appreciate different civilizations and their values.

• 3. Evaluate the role of technology in your life: Reflect on the impact of technological advancements on your well-being and question whether they truly contribute to your happiness.

By exploring these philosophical questions and considering their implications in our lives, we can deepen our understanding of morality, happiness, and the value of technological development in civilizations.