o trade in this overwhelmingly Indigenous world, English and French newcomers had to learn how to play by the rules, which included respecting trade protocols, ceremonial gift-giving, fostering reciprocal relationships, and acknowledging family obligations, responsibility and relatedness. The fur trade acted as a social glue that bound Indigenous p...
For Indigenous peoples, the fur trade was also a means of renewing friendships, creating alliances and preventing wars. The Ojibwe, for instance, only recognized two categories of people: relatives and foreigners. Like their Anishinaabe neighbours, the Očhéthi Šakówiŋ (Dakota and Lakota) framed society as an essential dichotomy: insiders versus out...
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