Cardenolides, toxicity, and the costs of sequestration in the coevolutionary interaction between monarchs and milkweeds | Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
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the more specialized an interaction, the greater the investments required and potential challenges to innovation Finally, observational work indicated that monarchs tend to oviposit on intermediate cardenolide concentration plants (29, 30), suggesting the hypothesis that adult butterflies minimize t
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- the more specialized an interaction, the greater the investments required and potential challenges to innovation
- Finally, observational work indicated that monarchs tend to oviposit on intermediate cardenolide concentration plants (29, 30), suggesting the hypothesis that adult butterflies minimize toxic exposure to larvae while optimizing sequestration of plant poisons.
- we hypothesized that specific cardenolides modulate a trade-off between benefits of specialization and costs of coping with toxicity.
- ) do monarch oviposition decisions minimize toxicity and optimize sequestration of cardenolides, or are oviposition stimulants (flavonol glycosides) drivers of oviposition?
- egg laying was best predicted by intermediate concentrations of total leaf cardenolides and plant height
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