We identified two distinct (fast and slow) types of ICWs at varying degrees of flow shear stress-induced membrane deformation, as determined by different bubble standoff distances. We showed that ICWs were initiated by an extracellular calcium influx across the cell membrane nearest to the jetting flow, either primarily through poration sites for f...
the mechanism whereby the calcium ion (Ca2+) transient is initiated, its propagation characteristics, and relationship to downstream bioeffects such as cell injury and mechanotransduction have not been carefully examined
Particularly, there is growing evidence linking excessive Ca2+ entry and high cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration with cytotoxicity and associated apoptotic or necrotic cell death during sonication (12, 16, 18).
Altogether, a fundamental understanding of the mechanisms underpinning cavitation-induced Ca2+ response and associated bioeffects is critical for exploiting the full potential of ultrasound in targeted molecular delivery, tissue modification, and sonogenetics through mechanosensory responses (13) that can produce the intended therapeutic outcome wi...
Ca2+-mediated signaling can be triggered when extracellular Ca2+ influxes into the cell through plasma membrane, or when Ca2+ is released from intracellular stores, such as the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). This signal transduction is often accompanied by an intracellular Ca2+ wave (ICW), which may further propagate across cell junctions to neighbori...
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