Top Highlights

• Temperature is the most important environmental attribute influencing growth and development, and hence, ultimate productivity of agronomic cereal crops. Rise in temperature also leads to higher evapotranspiration, more crop water and nutrients loss thus resulting to lower water use and nitrogen use efficiency. The effect of temperature on crop phe...
• Plant metabolic processes are controlled by weather variables like maximum and minimum temperature, solar radiation, carbon dioxide concentration and availability of water11,12,13,14,15,16,17. Cereal crop production is influenced by extreme climatic conditions, like heat waves, storms, drought, salinity and flooding
• Food security and climate change mitigation are major challenges in developing countries. Changes in management practices such as fertilizer use efficiency, use of organic fertilizers, use of legume with grasses, optimization of irrigation water, plant breeding and genetic modifications and selection of cultivars in field could be good mitigation s...
• The predicted changes in temperature during the next 40 to 70 years are expected to be in the range of 2–3 °C in different regions. Intensity and duration of warming trends and heat wave events are predicted to become more extreme in future than at present and during last decade67,68,69. Extreme temperature events have short-term spells of a few da...
• Crop phenology is the most significant feature of crop adaptation, and spatial and temporal changes in phenological stages and phases provide well-built indications of the biological influence of thermal trend. Change in phenological seasonality is having both direct and indirect effects on natural vegetation and cereal crop productivity25,26,79,80...

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