The compliance of patients to oral formulations is generally higher than that to other parenteral routes such as intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscular injections, as well as to inhalation for asthma medications (Ingersoll and Cohen, 2008). Furthermore, orally administered drugs can be targeted to particular regions within the gastrointestina...
Despite these advantages, the development of oral formulations presents several challenges, which are mainly attributed to the physicochemical properties of drugs, including poor water solubility and membrane permeability. In addition, the absorption of drugs can be limited by their poor chemical and biological stability, as well as by physiologica...
Most orally administered medications are primarily absorbed by the duodenum and jejunum in the upper parts of the GI tract.
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