Also, the direct transfer of immune cells, such as T cells, NK cells, and MΦ, via breast milk may influence perinatal immune development
outcompeted in most tissues by late EMP-derived fetal monocytes
infection-driven neonatal entry of CD8+ T cells into the brain
elevated type I interferon (IFNα/β) signaling caused by congenital viral infections or in Aicardi–Goutières syndrome, which induce intrauterine growth retardation and fetal demise
maternal immune cells may circulate in the infant for a long time (called microchimerism).
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