Scholars have criticized initial coin offerings (ICOs) as inherently inefficient bubbles and have warned investors away from them(Quiggin, 2013)
yet others have argued that ICO markets can exhibit efficiency and do perform critical functions where traditional capital markets tend to fail (Littlewood, 2018)
Crowdfunded equity markets share many central features of ICOs, including a reliance on crowd funding techniques and support from nonaccredited investors
A study assessing ICO market efficiency compared to crowdfunded equity market efficiency was needed to reduce uncertainty in ICO markets by informing investors of the dynamics in markets, thus reducingturmoil within them and improving capital allocation
Researchers have also found similar outcomes regarding the effect of uncertainty on ICOs and other emerging capitalmarket type
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