“Management was originally invented,” management theorist Gary Hamel has noted, “to solve two problems: the first—getting semiskilled employees to perform repetitive activities competently, diligently, and efficiently; the second—coordinating those efforts in ways that enabled complex goods and services to be produced in large quantities.
Only one in five workers is fully engaged in his or her work.5
FIGURE I.1 Radical Management: The Seven Basic Principles of Continuous Innovation
Four major changes have occurred that help explain why traditional management, which performed so well in economic terms in the twentieth century, is no longer a good fit for today’s social and economic conditions.
The first change is the continuing shift from semiskilled work to what economists call knowledge work.
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