Teacher turnover increased 4 percentage points above prepandemic levels, reaching 10 percent nationally at the end of the 2021–2022 school year. Principal turnover increased too, reaching 16 percent nationally going into the 2022–2023 school year

Teacher turnover in 2021–2022 was highest (around 12 to 14 percent) in urban districts, high- poverty districts, and districts serving predominately students of color.

District leaders generally perceived staffing shortages to be less acute in 2022–2023 than they were in 2021–2022. However, in fall 2022, staffing shortages continued to be most acute for sub- stitute teachers, special education teachers, and bus drivers

Ninety percent of districts experienced one or more policy changes, which either they or their state enacted, to boost teacher ranks in response to shortages. Chief among these changes were increased pay and/or benefits and the expansion of grow-your-own teacher preparation programs