Foucault’s analysis shows how techniques and institutions, developed for different and often quite innocuous purposes, converged to create the modern system of disciplinary power.

concern with what people have not done (nonobservence), with, that is, a person’s failure to reach required standards.

is quite different from the older system of judicial punishment, which merely judges each action as either allowed or not allowed by the law and does not indicate whether those judged are “normal” or “abnormal.”

“normal” or “abnormal.”

“the deployment of force and the establishment of truth” (1975 [1977: 184]). It both elicits the truth about those who undergo the examination (tells what they know or what is the state of their health) and controls their behavior (by forcing them to study or directing them to a course of treatment).

in knowing we control and in controlling we know.

The examination also situates individuals in a “field of documentation

The examination turns the individual into a “case”—in both senses of the term: a scientific example and an object of care. Caring is always also an opportunity for contro

Guards do not in fact always see each inmate; the point is that they could at any time

they must behave as if they are always seen and observed.

the possibility of internal monitoring

disciplinary power

modern discipline has been able to replace pre-modern sovereignty (kings, judges) as the fundamental power relation

bring the body into the focus of history

They examine the historical practices through which the body becomes an object of techniques and deployments of power

in order to make them more useful and at the same time easier to control

the basis for such complex areas of behavior as sexuality, insanity or criminality

it aims at both punishing and correcting, and therefore it mixes juridical and scientific practices

gradual shift in penal practice from a focus on the crime to a focus on the criminal, from the action to agency and personality.

potentially inherent in the criminal person

new, insidious forms of domination and violence.

The modern prison does not just punish by depriving its inmates of liberty, it categorizes them as delinquent subjects, types of people with a dangerous, criminal nature